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Orthopaedics
Introduction, Demographics, and Epidemiology of Diabetes
Built from The Surgical Management of the Diabetic Foot and Ankle
What’s inside
7 sections · 101 slides
Overview
- Scope of this topic
What Diabetes Mellitus Is
- Definition of diabetes mellitus
- Normal glucose handling and where diabetes breaks it
- Types of diabetes mellitus
- Type I diabetes mellitus
- Type II diabetes mellitus
- Gestational diabetes
- Pancreatic islet cells among surrounding pancreatic tissue
- Comorbidities linked to diabetes
- Diabetes as a cause of death
- Lower-limb compromise in diabetes
- Plantar forefoot ulcer in a patient with diabetes
The Economic Cost of Diabetes
- Direct costs of diabetes in the United States
- Indirect costs of diabetes
- Medical expenses compared with people without diabetes
- International cost of diabetes
Demographics: Who Develops Diabetes
- Demographic risk factors for diabetes
- Limits of demographic risk factors
- Projected regional prevalence by 2035
- Highest projected prevalence regions, 2035
- World map of diabetes prevalence in adults
- Age as a risk factor
- Reading the age cohort incidence table
- Incidence of diabetes per 1000 people in the United States, 1980-2011, by age cohort
- Incidence in patients aged 18 to 44 years
- Incidence in the 45 to 64 and 65 to 79 year cohorts
- Prevalence of diabetes above 65 years of age
- Incidence of diabetes by sex
- Comparison of male and female incidence trends
- Rates of diabetes diagnosis by race and ethnicity, 2014
- Diagnosis rates within Asian American and Hispanic subgroups
- Type II diabetes across six Asian ethnic groups in California
- Environmental and genetic contributions to ethnic differences
- Migration and rising diabetes prevalence
- Diabetes in Japanese Americans compared with native Japanese
- Beta cell dysfunction in the Japanese population
- Interaction of genetic vulnerability with lifestyle
- Other ethnic groups with genetic susceptibility
- Gene variants associated with Type II diabetes
- Socioeconomic status and diabetes risk
- Socioeconomic pattern in poorer versus wealthier regions
- Education, occupation and income in the United States
- Education level and prevalence of diabetes
- Social determinants of health in diabetes
- Persistence of disparity after diagnosis
- Uncontrolled diabetes by insurance status
- Obesogenic environments and genetic vulnerability
- Environmental factors in diabetes
- Secondary environmental factors examined
- Long-term noise exposure and Type II diabetes risk
- Chronic noise exposure and testosterone
Epidemiology: How Many People
- The National Diabetes Statistic Report
- Diabetes in the United States population
- Diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in the United States
- International prevalence of diabetes
- Fingerstick blood glucose monitoring
Diabetes, Chronic Conditions, and Surgical Outcomes
- Major complications of diabetes
- Eye, kidney and nerve damage in diabetes
- Cost of cardiovascular disease in the diabetic population
- Microvascular disease in Type II diabetes
- Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Albuminuria as an early marker
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Retinal changes of diabetic retinopathy
- Neuropathic conditions in diabetes
- Distal symmetric polyneuropathy and foot risk
- Additional comorbid conditions
- Musculoskeletal conditions in the diabetic population
- Mental health conditions in diabetes
- Prevalence of depression in the diabetic population
- Bidirectional link between diabetes and mental illness
- Proposed causes of mental health conditions in diabetes
- Psychological health at diagnosis and diabetes-related distress
- Surgical outcomes in diabetic patients
- Advanced glycation end products and tissue healing
- Effects of advanced glycation end products
- Suggested surgical risk factors in diabetic patients
- Perioperative complication and mortality rates
- Perioperative outcomes reported by Acott et al.
Trends and Summary
- Trends in newly diagnosed diabetes in the United States
- National prevalence ranges reported by the IDF
- Diabetes burden in low- and middle-income countries
- Modifiable risk factors for diabetes
- Five modifiable risk factors
- Ongoing research directions
- Key points
- References
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- The Surgical Management of the Diabetic Foot and Ankle