← All decks
Ophthalmology
Non-Surgical Management
Built from Strabismus Simplified, Second Edition
What’s inside
7 sections · 102 slides
Overview
- Place of non-surgical management in strabismus
- Components of non-surgical management
Optical correction
- Aims of optical correction
- Optical correction as a prerequisite for amblyopia therapy
- Cycloplegia before refraction in children
- Systemic toxicity of atropine and how to limit it
- Cycloplegic choice in older children
- Cycloplegic agents
- Cycloplegic agents: regime, onset and recovery
- Principles of prescription
- Prescribing in accommodative esotropia and in infants
- Spectacle fitting and follow-up in children
- Bifocals for high AC/A ratio
- Overminus glasses and inverse bifocals
- Limitations of therapeutic prisms
- Indications and tolerance limits for prisms
- Prismatic effect induced by decentration
- Prisms for convergence insufficiency
- Prisms in anomalous retinal correspondence
Orthoptic treatment
- Indications and scope of orthoptic treatment
- Scope and limits of orthoptic treatment
- Principle of antisuppression exercises
- Red filter and cheiroscope techniques
- Procedures used on the cheiroscope
- Pigeon-Cantonnet stereoscope
- Antisuppression on the synoptophore
- Physiologic diplopia and bar reading
- Other bar readers and the risk of intractable diplopia
- Management of anomalous retinal correspondence
Treatment of amblyopia
- Definition and sensitive period of amblyopia
- Modalities of amblyopia treatment
- Amelioration of the amblyopiogenic factor
- Occlusion: principle and success rate
- Classification of occlusion by light transmission
- Forms of total occluder
- Partial occlusion and the danger of ground glass
- Eye patches used for occlusion
- Duration of occlusion and the full-time regime
- Conventional versus inverse occlusion
- Follow-up during occlusion and occlusion failure
- Occlusion amblyopia
- Indications and contraindications for occlusion
- Maintenance occlusion after successful therapy
- Occlusion before surgery
- Penalization: principle and methods
- Choosing and judging penalization
- Visual acuity outcome with occlusion versus atropine
- CAM vision stimulator
- CAM vision stimulator
- Pleoptics: origin and Bangerter's method
- Cuppers' method: afterimage and instruments
- Haidinger brushes on Cuppers' coordinator
- Bangerter's projectoscope
- Cuppers' pleoptic instruments
- Bangerter versus Cuppers, and the decline of pleoptics
- Red filter treatment
- Active vision therapy: principles
- Near-activity tasks and fast pointing
- Afterimage transfer technique
- Home vision therapy
- Levodopa and carbidopa in amblyopia
- Amblyopia Treatment Study: patching dose
- Amblyopia Treatment Study: recurrence and older children
- Amblyopia Treatment Study: atropine and glasses
Fusional exercises
- Convergence insufficiency and asthenopia
- Assessment of convergence insufficiency
- Treatment of convergence insufficiency
Medical treatment
- Pharmacological agents used in strabismus
- Miotics in accommodative esotropia: mechanism
- Miotic agents and dosing
- Role and limitations of miotics
- Side effects of miotics
- Miotics and general anaesthesia
- Therapeutic use of cycloplegics in accommodative esotropia
- Other drugs tried in strabismus
- Botulinum toxin A: historical background
- Clinical uses of botulinum toxin
- Limitations of chemodenervation
- Chemodenervation in right lateral rectus palsy
- Botulinum toxin in infantile esotropia
- Mechanism of action of botulinum toxin A
- Onset, duration and recovery after injection
- Availability, reconstitution and dosing
- Injection of an extraocular muscle under electromyographic control
- Technique of injection into an extraocular muscle
- Anaesthesia for botulinum injection
- Complications of botulinum injection
- Pharmacological reversal of the botulinum effect
- Bupivacaine injection to strengthen a paretic muscle
Summary
- Key points: optical and orthoptic treatment
- Key points: amblyopia and pharmacological treatment
- Suggested reading
- Suggested reading (continued)
- Suggested reading (continued)
- Suggested reading (continued)
- Strabismus Simplified