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General Surgery
Larynx
Built from Skandalakis' Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic and Anatomic Basis of Modern Surgery
What’s inside
14 sections · 190 slides
Overview
- Scope of this presentation
Development of the larynx
- Respiratory primordium and the laryngotracheal groove
- Arytenoid and epiglottic swellings
- Occlusion and recanalisation of the laryngeal lumen
- Origin of the laryngeal cartilages and muscles
- Sequence of laryngeal development
- Stages in the development of the larynx
- Congenital anomalies of the larynx
- Surgical treatment of congenital laryngeal anomalies
- Anomalies of the Larynx
The adult larynx
- Constituents of the laryngeal apparatus
- Adult larynx in situ
- Extent of the laryngeal cavity
- Supraglottic space
- Glottic and subglottic spaces
- The three internal storeys of the larynx
- Coronal section through the laryngeal cavity
- Topography and vertebral relations
- Anterior and lateral relations of the larynx
- Posterior relations and the recurrent laryngeal nerve landmark
- Proximal and distal topography of the larynx
- Dimensions of the larynx
- Average Measurements of the Larynx
Skeletal anatomy
- Hyoid bone: role in the laryngeal apparatus
- Form and relations of the hyoid bone
- The hyoid bone
- Thyroid cartilage: laminae and laryngeal prominence
- Cornua and tubercles of the thyroid cartilage
- Oblique line and its muscular attachments
- Ligaments attached to the thyroid cartilage
- Cartilages and ligaments of the larynx from the front
- Cricoid cartilage: form and level
- Articulations and attachments of the cricoid
- Muscle attachments and reconstruction of the cricoid
- Cartilages and ligaments of the larynx from behind
- Arytenoid cartilages: shape and processes
- Surfaces of the arytenoid and their attachments
- Motion at the cricoarytenoid articulation
- Cricoarytenoid articulation: findings of Prades et al.
- Sliding and rocking at the cricoarytenoid articulation
- Corniculate, cuneiform and tritiate cartilages
- Epiglottic cartilage
- Preglottic space and folds of the epiglottis
- Acute epiglottiditis
- Disarticulated and approximated laryngeal cartilages
Ligaments, membranes and folds
- Thyrohyoid membrane
- Superior laryngeal neurovascular bundle
- Thyrohyoid membrane and the superior laryngeal neurovascular bundle
- Quadrangular membrane
- Interarytenoid notch
- Quadrangular membrane seen from behind
- Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
- Functions of the vestibular folds
- Aryepiglottic folds
- Cricothyroid ligament (conus elasticus)
- Attachments of the cricothyroid ligament
- Shape of the conus elasticus and the anterior commissure
- Vocal ligaments and vocal cords
- Vocal fold and the rima glottidis
- Dimensions and mobility of the glottis
- Absence of lymphatics in the vocal cord epithelium
- Interior of the larynx and the vocal folds
- Cartilages and ligaments of the larynx in sagittal section
- Valleculae and the glossoepiglottic folds
- Laryngeal mucosa
Laryngeal spaces
- Classification of the laryngeal spaces
- Laryngeal vestibule
- Laryngeal ventricles and the saccule
- Glottis and rima glottidis: endoscopic dimensions
- Laryngocele
- Types of laryngocele
- Combined internal and external laryngocele
- Treatment of laryngoceles
- Subglottic (infraglottic) space
- Boundaries of the subglottic region and routes of tumour escape
- Paraglottic space
- Pre-epiglottic space
- Spread of supraglottic carcinoma
- The larynx viewed from above
- Mirror view of the larynx from above
Laryngeal joints
- Cricothyroid joint
- Cricoarytenoid joint: adduction and abduction
- Rocking motion and vocal cord tension
Laryngeal muscles
- Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
- Extrinsic laryngeal or strap muscles
- Cricothyroid muscle
- Cricothyroid action during phonation and swallowing
- Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
- Lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles
- Sphincteric action of the oblique arytenoid fibres
- Thyroarytenoid and vocalis muscles
- Thyroepiglotticus muscle
- Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
- Glottic motion during respiration and phonation
- Regulation of voice pitch and tone
- Laryngeal position when humming a low and a high tone
- Lengthening of the vocal cord by tilting the cricoid cartilage
Vascular system and lymphatics
- Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
- Cricothyroid artery and laryngeal anastomoses
- Arterial blood supply of the larynx
- Venous drainage of the larynx
- Venous drainage from the larynx
- Lymphatic drainage of the larynx
- Cadaveric findings on laryngeal lymphatic pathways
- Ranke's space and the lymphatic-free vocal fold
- Lymphatic drainage of the larynx
Innervation
- Vagal nerve supply to the larynx
- External laryngeal nerve
- Internal laryngeal nerve
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Nerve supply of the larynx
- Nerve supply of the larynx
- One pattern of distribution of the inferior laryngeal nerve
- Sensory territories of the pharynx and larynx
- Density of sensory innervation in the pharynx
- Sympathetic supply to the larynx
- External laryngeal nerve: the plane of safety
- Identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Vascular supply of the vagus and apparent nerve injury
- Course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the neck
- Functional changes with laryngeal nerve injury
- Signs and Symptoms of Laryngeal Nerve Injury
- Laryngoscopic appearances of the types of laryngeal nerve injury
Pediatric larynx and histology
- Size of the pediatric larynx
- Shape and position of the infant larynx
- Consistency of the pediatric larynx
- Infant larynx compared with the adult larynx
- Histology of the laryngeal epithelium
- Distribution of the laryngeal mucous glands
- Physiology of the larynx
Anatomic complications
- Aspiration after supraglottic laryngectomy
- Patient selection for supraglottic laryngectomy
- Glottic stenosis versus glottic incompetence
- Swallowing rehabilitation after supraglottic laryngectomy
- Complications of vertical hemilaryngectomy
- Prevention and management of glottic stenosis
- Foreshortening of the glottis
- Pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy
- Management and other causes of fistula
- Neopharyngeal stenosis and tracheal stomal stenosis
- Bleeding and carotid blowout
- Voice loss and voice restoration
- Granulation tissue after tracheal resection
- Nerve injury during airway reconstruction
- Wound separation and laryngeal release
- Steps of a laryngeal release
- Laryngeal trauma
Anatomic and surgical history
- Reading the historical record of laryngeal surgery
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Larynx (continued)
Summary
- Key anatomical points
- Key surgical points
- Works cited in the text
- Works cited in the text (continued)
- Works cited in the text (continued)
- Works cited in the text (continued)
- Skandalakis' Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic and Anatomic Basis of Modern Surgery
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