Radiology
Normal Anatomy and Histopathology
Built from Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology
What’s inside
12 sections · 98 slides
Overview
Why normal anatomy matters, and the superficial-to-deep road map
- Why normal anatomy matters
- Breast layers, superficial to deep
- Normal mammogram: standard views
Skin
Normal thickness, when it thickens, and skin findings that mimic a mass
- Skin thickness
- Skin thickness: normal, inflammatory, and retracted
- Skin glands and cysts
- Sebaceous cyst on ultrasound
- Skin lesions as pseudo masses
- Nevus simulating a breast mass
Nipple-Areolar Complex
Anatomy, normal variation, and the imaging appearance of the nipple
- Nipple-areolar complex anatomy
- Normal nipple variation
- Normal nipple appearances
- Pathologic nipple retraction
- Nipple simulating a mass
- Nipple on ultrasound
- Nipple on ultrasound
- Nipple on MRI and innervation
- Nipples on MRI
- Paget disease of the nipple
Subcutaneous Tissue
Cooper ligaments, fat, and how their distortion signals disease
- Cooper ligaments
- Cooper ligaments on mammography
- Cooper ligament distortion
- Straightening of Cooper ligaments
- Adipose tissue amount
- Fat on imaging
- Fat on mammography and ultrasound
Milk Ducts and Lobules
The branching ductal tree, lobules, TDLU, and common cysts
- Glandular tissue and ducts
- Ductal and lobular anatomy
- From duct to alveolus
- Ductal system on galactography
- Normal galactogram
- DCIS in segmental distribution
- Lobules and the TDLU
- Histopathology of the normal TDLU
- Cysts and fibrocystic change
Stroma
Breast density, quadrant distribution, interfaces, and symmetry
- Breast density
- Quadrant distribution
- Lower inner quadrant and retromammary fat
- Fat-glandular interface
- Normal fat-glandular interface
- Mass bulging the fat-glandular interface
- Breast symmetry
- Asymmetric breast size
- Shrinking breast from invasive lobular carcinoma
Chest Wall and Male Breast
Pectoralis landmarks, muscle invasion, and the rudimentary male breast
- Chest wall anatomy
- Pectoralis major and minor muscles
- Muscle invasion
- Male breast
Lymphatics
Drainage pathways, node levels, and the imaging features of a suspicious node
- Why lymphatics matter
- Normal axillary node
- Normal axillary lymph node
- Cortical thickness rules
- Suspicious lymph nodes on ultrasound
- Node blood supply
- Change over time
- Suspicious lymph node features
- Drainage pathways
- Lymph node locations
- Axillary node levels
- Lymph node levels of the axilla
- Axillary nodes on MLO
- Lymph nodes on MLO mammogram
- Abnormal nodes workup
- Intramammary nodes
- Normal intramammary node
Blood Supply
Arteries, veins, and Mondor disease
- Arterial supply
- Blood supply of the breast on MRI
- Venous drainage and Mondor disease
- Mondor thrombophlebitis
Embryology and Development
The milk streak, accessory tissue, and how the breast forms over a lifetime
- The milk streak
- The milk streak in embryology
- Accessory breast tissue
- Accessory breast tissue in the axilla
- Anomalies terminology
- Developmental anomalies of the breast
- Breast development timeline
- Thelarche and the breast bud
- Breast bud on ultrasound
Changes Over Time
Pregnancy, lactation, and menopause
- Pregnancy and lactation
- Lactational changes on mammography
- Lactation on ultrasound and MRI
- Menopause
Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer
From DNA mutation through DCIS to invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma
- Breast cancer burden
- DNA mutations leading to malignancy
- Progression to invasive disease
- Ductal carcinoma in situ
- DCIS: duct cartoon and histopathology
- Mammographic appearance of DCIS
- Invasive ductal carcinoma
- Invasive ductal carcinoma on mammography and ultrasound
- Invasive lobular carcinoma
- Invasive lobular carcinoma as architectural distortion
- Breast cancer types
- Lobular carcinoma in situ
- Key takeaways
- Suggested readings
- Suggested readings
- Brant and Helms' Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology