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ENT
Voice Speech and Language
Built from Behrbohm — Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases with Head and Neck Surgery
What’s inside
7 sections · 60 slides
How a Voice Is Made
From breath to buzzing vocal folds to the sound that leaves your lips
- What this topic covers, and who treats it
- Voice production - a team effort
- Glottal sound generation
- What closes the glottis again - the four forces
- Fundamental frequency - what sets your pitch
- Phases of vocal fold vibration on stroboscopy
- The body-cover model - why the fold has layers
- Vocal fold layers vs the body-cover model
- Source-filter theory
- Vocal tract shape and sound spectrum for three vowels
- The source-filter model of voice
- Formants and vowels - the fingerprint of a sound
- Vowels plotted by their first and second formants
Measuring the Voice
How a clinician actually assesses a disordered voice - dysphonia
- History - the questions that reveal the cause
- Voice registration - recording the evidence
- Perception - the two building blocks of hoarseness
- Grading scales - GRBAS and the simpler RBH
- Video stroboscopy - watching the folds vibrate
- Acoustic measures - jitter and shimmer
- Aerodynamics and the voice range profile
- Letting the patient judge - the voice handicap index
When the Voice Fails
Functional and regulatory voice disorders
- Vocal misuse and muscle tension dysphonia
- Psychogenic voice disorder
- Spasmodic dysphonia - a focal dystonia of the voice
- Treating spasmodic dysphonia
- Inducible laryngeal obstruction
Speech Sound and Fluency
When the voice works but the words come out wrong or halting
- Articulation disorder
- Phonological disorder - a problem of sound organisation
- Phonological disorder - profiles and management
- Stuttering - what it is and why it hurts
- Theories and course of stuttering
- The forms stuttering takes
- Managing stuttering - parents first, then therapy
Language and Its Development
The milestones a child should hit - and the disorders that derail them
- How normal language unfolds - the first year
- Language milestones from toddler to school age
- Later milestones and the early warning signs
- Developmental language disorder (DLD)
- Diagnosing, treating and distinguishing DLD
Aphasia
Losing language after the brain is injured
- What aphasia is
- Nonfluent aphasia (Broca)
- Fluent aphasia (Wernicke), and two more types
- Where the damage sits
- Language areas on the left cerebral hemisphere
- Classic aphasia syndromes: lesion and deficit
- Diagnosing aphasia
- The Token Test and the differentials
- Treating aphasia
Pulling It Together
The whole chain in one pass
- The three levels of communication
- Key takeaways
- How does source-filter theory explain why /a/ and /i/ sound different even at the same pitch?
- References
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases: With Head and Neck Surgery