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ENT
Tracheobronchial Tree
Built from Behrbohm — Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases with Head and Neck Surgery
What’s inside
9 sections · 76 slides
Overview
- What this deck covers, and why an ENT surgeon owns it
Applied Anatomy and Physiology
How the airway is built and how it keeps itself clean
- The trachea: a reinforced flexible airway
- The carina: where one tube becomes two
- Segmental bronchi of the tracheobronchial tree
- From cartilage rings to muscular bronchioles
- Blood, lymph and nerves of the airway
- A self-cleaning, air-conditioning duct
Looking Inside: Tracheobronchoscopy
The two scopes and when each is chosen
- Two ways to look down the airway
- Rigid bronchoscope and its instruments
- What the rigid scope can do
- Flexible fiber endoscopes
- The flexible fiberscope: reaching the small branches
- When bronchoscopy is indicated
- Differential diagnosis of breathlessness — upper airway
- Breathlessness by cause: trachea and bronchi
Tracheobronchial Stenoses
Why the airway narrows, and how it is opened again
- What a stenosis is and how we classify it
- Types of tracheal stenosis
- Typical locations of laryngotracheal stenosis
- Acute stenosis: a sudden airway emergency
- Acute stenosis: diagnosis and immediate treatment
- Chronic stenosis: the slow squeeze
- Chronic stenosis: how it is worked up
- MRI of a suprastomal tracheal stenosis
- Treating chronic stenosis: surgery by cause
- Tracheopexy: propping a floppy airway open
- Tracheopexy with extratracheal synthetic rings
- Tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis
- Tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis
- Cricotracheal resection at the larynx junction
- Cricotracheal resection and laryngotracheal anastomosis
- Tracheoplasty: widening a long, narrow segment
- Partial tracheoplasty with a cartilage graft
- Tracheal tubes and endoprostheses that stent the lumen
- Endoscopic treatment: the least invasive route
- Endoscopic balloon dilatation of a subglottic stenosis
Securing the Airway
Tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy and intubation
- Three life-saving ways to get air in
- Tracheotomy: where to enter the trachea
- Surgical access routes for tracheotomy
- Elective (planned) tracheotomy: the technique
- Indications for elective tracheotomy
- Flexible tracheal cannula with an inflatable cuff
- Emergency tracheotomy: fast, but risky
- Complications of tracheotomy
- Percutaneous tracheotomy: the bedside ICU method
- Cricothyrotomy: the last-ditch emergency opening
- Cricothyrotomy: instruments and landmarks
- Intubation: how long is the tube meant to stay?
- Intubation: the technique step by step
- Endotracheal intubation with the laryngoscope
- Living with a tracheostomy
- Day-to-day tracheostomy care
- When a tracheostomy goes wrong
- Difficult decannulation: tube will not come out
Foreign Bodies and Trauma
The inhaled object and the injured airway
- Inhaled foreign bodies: mainly a childhood emergency
- Aspirated foreign body on a chest radiograph
- Foreign bodies: what they do and how they are found
- Tracheal trauma
Tracheal Infections
From ordinary tracheitis to life-threatening croup
- Tracheitis and croup
- Diphtheritic tracheitis and the rarer tracheitides
Congenital Anomalies and Tumors
Bronchiectasis, benign lesions and airway cancers
- Congenital anomalies and bronchiectasis
- Tracheal tumors: benign and the overall picture
- Malignant tracheal tumors
- Endotracheal growth of a bronchial carcinoma
- Bronchial carcinoma
Bringing It Together
The essentials to carry away
- Three ideas that tie the topic together
- Why does an inhaled foreign body most often lodge in the right main bronchus?
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases: With Head and Neck Surgery